Salad dressing



Patented Aug. 22, 1939 2,170,417

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE SALAD DRESSING Harry M. Levin, Philadelphia, Pa.

No Drawing. Application May 20, 1938, Serial No. 208,995

4 Claims. 99-444) My invention relates to a. food product and reneed of refrigeration and which will stand high as lates particularly to a salad dressing having nuwell as low temperatures.

tritious ingredients therein. Another object of my invention is to improve Heretofore, mayonnaise has been used as a the flavor of the salad dressing. 5 source for salads, cold meats, poultry, fish, vege- A further object of my invention is to substan- 5 tables, etc., and the mayonnaise has been made of tially eliminate the transparent and shiny apthe yolk of eggs, salad oil, and vinegar. The eggs pearance of the cooked starch by distributing the in the mayonnaise provide the nutritious value colloidal casein of the milk and by reducing the for the food. Salad dressing is a food popular as quantity of starch.

an accompaniment to a dinner or as the main In accordance with my discovery, alacteal fluid 10 luncheon dish. The salad dressing which conis incorporated into a salad dressing by combining sists of starches and vinegar has little or no vitait with a hydrophilic colloid and starch, the mixmins or nutritious food value therein because ture treated at an elevated temperature until none of the ingredients have food value. the milk is pasteurized and the starch sterilized,

5 Homemade salad dressings or salad dressings after which an acid such as lactic, acetic or citric for immediate consumption have been made havis incorporated. The product of this process is a ing milk therein for the purpose of adding food homogeneous viscous emulsified body with which values to the salad dressing, but it has been found the usual seasoning, oil, etc., may be combined. that milk or cream in such dressing turns sour The novel features which I consider characteror putrefies. In the commercial manufacture of istic of my invention are set forth particularly in 20 salad dressings having a starch or other water the appended claims. The invention itself, howabsorbing agent together with a milk product, it ever, both as to its composition and method of has been found that the milk unless properly recompounding, together with additional objects frigerated will putrefy. Therefore, only dressand advantages thereof, will best be understood ings which omit a food building substance, or from the following description of a specific em- 25 dressings which contain milk and are only used bodiment. immediately upon mixing, are found to be palae For the purpose of aiding in the distinguishing table. Since salad dressings in commercial profeatures of my invention, the term mayonnaise duction must retain their flavor and be sterilized is defined as: An emulsified food product containfor an extended period of time, salad dressings ing eggs, oil, vinegar, spices, sugar and salt, the 30 although desirable have not been commercially oil of which must necessarily be 50% by weight feasible. It is also well known that a finished of the total composition and contains nowater. salad dressing sold in glass jars cannot be steri- The term salad dressing may be defined as: lized at a high temperature as canned goods. nd An emulsified food product used as a mayonnaise be kept as a perfect emulsionappearing like a, substitute containing less than 50% of oil, which 35 smooth cream, as it would break down the emulsiis usually r p d y a Starch, y other fying power of t eggs and re1ease free 11 water absorbing agent and flavored with vinegar It is, therefore, an object of my invention to and 5111095 F usufillly Contains Waterprovide a salad dressing which will not deterior- Mayonnalse base 15 defined as: An emulslon of oil and a small percentage of liquid having eggs 40 and/or gum as an emulsifying agent prepared solely for subsequent mixture with processed 40 ate and which will contain nutritious food matter. Another object of my invention is to provide a salad dressing which has a water absorbing agent Starch for Sam d dressing with an unpasteunzed milk product Whlch 1s In the production of my new salad dressing, the properly processed to prevent the growth of delfollowing dimculties ar 6 presented: eterious organisms.

A further object of my invention is to sterilize a S l d dressing Which comprises a Water absorb- Ihese micro-organisms are minute living cells in ent together with a milk product. secreting chemical substances known as Another object of my invention is to provide a enzymes. The latter is in fact regarded as nor- 50 salad dressing which conta ns a'filler or Water mal constituents of milk. These enzymes, if not abs rb e c as c t e w properly checked, stimulate chemical reactions in milk or cream which have a good or nutritious the product without becoming part of the comvalue and which product will remain sterile for a pound formed. These organisms consist of baccomparatively long period of time without the teria, yeasts, and molds. To thrive they need 5 (1) Micro-organisms of milk oxygen, carbon, and Water. Most requireanitrogenous .diet which makes milk a very favorable medium. Further, the carbohydrates existing in salad dressings which have a high percentage of starch and sugar encourage the development of bacteria, yeasts and molds. Thus, the sugars and starches of the salad dressing are broken principally into alcohols, acids, water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen causing fermentations and water separation, which is obviously very objectionable in salad dressing. In a nutrient material like a pure mayonnaise where the liquid concentration is low and where the oil content is high, bacterial growth will be retarded, but in salad dressing where the moisture is always over 30% the microorganism will find optimum conditions for growth.

(2) Precipitation of casein Casein is a protein of milk. Unless special precautions are taken, the colloidal dispersed casein will coagulate and precipitate with the consequent liberation of butter fat. The curdled casein will tend to break the smooth continuous phase of the salad dressing emulsion, and the free butter fat will introduce problems of oily appearance and separation as well as that of rancidity and other objectionable characteristics in the salad dressing.

Prior to using the milk in my process, I take measures to overcome the above-mentioned difiiculties', of (1) preventing the growth of microorganisms of milk and (2) the preventing of curdling of the milk.

Three forms of dispersions in milk Bear in mind that the physical product milk has three forms of dispersions within itself. Such dispersions within milk are:-

(1) A very coarse emulsion or dispersion of fat in a water phase;

(2) The water phase itself contains a molecular dispersion of lactose and mineral sals and some lactalbumin; and

(3) The protein of milk exists in a colloidal suspension.

If the globules in milk are large, coarse, and non-uniform, and suchmilk is mixed with starch and cooked with acid, a precipitation and fat separation would be inevitable. Therefore, I have discovered that the proper step to take is a homogenization of the milk prior to placing it into the kettle. When the milk is passed through a homogenizer, which is a milk machine used to make fine, uniform globules, there is a decided reduction in the size of the fat globules. Furthermore, the increased viscosity resulting from this process increases the resistance which the small globules must overcome to move upward. This increased viscosity is undoubtedly due to larger proportions of protein absorbed on the surface of the increased number of globules. Since the fat blobules will not rise or separate readily, they will form a uniform and smooth texture which will be a factor in resisting subsequent precipitation of casein and liberation of butter fat. Any influences tending to keep the globules small in size aid in the stability of the finished product.

After homogenizing the milk and/or the cream, I place gallons of it into a stainless steel steam-jacketed kettle agitating it slowly and constantly. The kettle used prevents corrosion or any objectionable metallic flavors in the resultant product. Before placing the starch into the milk, I find it beneficial at this stage to add .from 1% to 1 /2% about one pound of dry gelatin or about one pound of powdered locust bean gum or threequarters of a pound of finely powdered tragacanth. Any of the hereinbefore mentioned products serve as a protective film for the globules colloidally dispersed in the milk. These substances which surround each suspended globule ofier sufiicient resistance to the acid, such as vinegar, as to prevent the curdling of the milk proteins. I have found that these powders aforementioned add smoothness and greater stability to the dressing. I have also found them adequate to prevent coagulation of the milk albumin when heated to 185 F. as required by this process.

After the gum or gelatin is uniformly dispersed, I add the usual amount of sugar (240 pounds) and the dry corn starch. Instead of adding the usual 100 pounds of starch together with 100 gallons ofwater and vinegar as is used in the old process where milk is not used, I have found that the milk solids average 12.75% and the gums serve to imbibe a quantity of the aqueous media. Thus, it is only necessary to use 68 pounds of starch instead of 100 pounds, the latter quantity being used heretofore in making salad dressings. This explains the above-mentioned advantage of my improved salad dressing, since it reduces the starchy taste in a substantial manner, and it improves the appearance of the dressing.

After agitating the milk, gums, sugar, and starch for a few minutes, I turn on the steam and cook the contents at a temperature of 185 F. for about five minutes. This cooking not only pasteurizes the milk but sterilizes the starch as well. I now put sufficient edible acetic acid to the mixture so that the quantity would equal 2.2% computed on the moisture content of the milk.

If the aroma of sour milk is desired, I may add of lactic acid in place of an equal portion of acetic acid. In adding the concentrated acid as well as salt to the milkor cream-starch base, further caution must be exercised because both acid and salt tend to cause coagulation and precipitation upon heating. It is best to add both acid and salt when the starch paste is being cooled for milk is known to curdle at F. when somewhat high in acidity. When the temperature goes below 140 F., the usual pasteurizing temperature of milk, it is best to add both salt and acid, which are the basic preventatives of putrefaction of the finished product. After the starch is cooled to about 90 F., I draw it off into a stainless steel blender using a powerful agitator. processed starch with a mayonnaise base previously prepared from eggs or gum, and oil, and spices. The ideal oil content of the finished dressing should be about 35% of the weight of the total composition. The salad dressing is about ready to be bottled and offered for the market at room temperature obviating the neoessity for refrigeration.

My improved salad dressing contains all the food requirements necessary to human life, i. e.:

( 1) Water,

(2) Carbohydrates and fats (sugar, starch, butterfat, also eggs and/or oil),

(3) Proteinrich milk protein,

(4) Mineral mattercalcium, and ash, potassium, magnesium, and sodium, (5) Vitamins-accessories health of children.

The finished product not only has great food Value and is rich in essential vitamins, but it also has a distinctive mellow fiavor and is creamy in to growth and In the steel blender I mix the.

appearance with a butter-like texture. It does not have the transparent shine characteristic of all salad dressings. Containing milk casein, the new salad dressing has a greater and more stable emulsion enabling it to endure vibrations in transit and which can be featured by grocers on their counters at any room temperature.

It is sufiiciently within the scope of my invention that the salad dressing contains any water absorbing agent combined with milk and/or cream and treated with acid or vinegar to keep it from putreiaction under room temperature for as long a time as is possible with all mayonnaise or salad dressing.

Modification It may be preferable to substitute part or all of the water with milk and/or cream, or dry milk, or dry cream, in order to retain the vinegar for flavor instead of edible acids. The aim here is to retain all the cider or white vinegar for their flavor in lieu of the organic edible acids. Instead of using 100 gallons of milk I use '78 gallons of milk and add to the latter 22 gallons of 100 grain (10%) vinegar, or I modify the proportions when using cider, which has only a maximum of grain or 6% acidity. The deficiency of milk, i. e. that difference between and '78 or 22' gallons may be supplied by concentrated cream or even dry milk or cream, thereby keeping the liquid phase down to the 100 gallons. At this stage, I find it advantageous not to introduce the powdered cream or milk into the kettle since heating the milk or cream with vinegar might tend to liberate the butter fat of the cream and precipitate the casein. The best way to incorporate the milk or cream into the dressing is to emulsify it into the mayonnaise base. I find it desirable to place a proper portion of dry milk into the oil prior to emulsification and to disperse it by stirring each particle of cream as lubricated. Accordingly, when the stream of oil goes into the mayonnaise mixing machine, the particles of cream are incorporated into the mayonnaise emulsion with the particles of oil uniformly and evenly and smoothly distributed. This mayonnaise base when mixed with the starch base results in a perfect dressing as good as by the first method containing the same food value and yet possessing the spiced vinegar aroma instead of that of acid.

Ihe dry milk may be incorporated into the dressing advantageously by another method. Before homogenizing the milk, disperse and dissolve the powder in the milk. By putting the it while cooking, the vinegar must be added bemixture through the 'fore the steam is turned on. But it should be added after the gums, sugar and starches are well dispersed in the milk in order that it may successfully combat the tendency of the vinegar to precipitate the milk casein.

I do not limit myself to any proportions of either milk or cream or to any kinds of milk or cream. Any milk product which, regardless of quantity, serves the object or objects outlined above comes within the scope of my invention.

Although my invention and discovery has been described in considerable detail, it is to be limited only by the spirit of the appended claims.

I claim as my invention and discovery:

1. A homogeneous viscous emulsified salad dressing base comprising substantially the following proportions: 100 gallons of a lacteal fiuid, 68 pounds of starch, to 1 pound of hydrophillic colloid and a small proportion of an acid selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, lactic acid and citric acid.

2. A homogeneous viscous emulsified salad dressing base comprising a lacteal fluid, a starch in sufiicient proportions to impart a semi-solid consistency to said fluid, a small amount of a hydrophillic colloid and a small proportion of an acid selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, lactic acid and citric acid.

3. A method of incorporating lacteal fluid into a salad dressing base comprising the following steps: homogenizing a lacteal fluid, combining a hydrophillic colloid and. starch therewith, treating the mixture at an elevated temperature until the ingredients are substantially sterilized, cooling the mixture, and adding a small proportion of an acid selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, acetic acid and citric acid.

4. A method of processing a salad dressing containing a lacteal fluid comprising homogeneously dispersing corn starch and a hydrophillic protective colloid in a lacteal fluid by agitating and heating the mixture to substantially F. and. holding it at that temperature for substantially five minutes.

HARRY M. LEVIN. 

